The early years of life are a period of very rapid growth. In infants, minimum carbohydrate (mainly lactose) intake should be 40% of total energy, gradually increasing to 55% energy by the age of 2 years. Evidence for detrimental effects on nutrient dilution, obesity, diabetes or cognition is limited. The greatest evidence is for dental caries, although this is influenced by high intake frequency and poor oral hygiene. There are few established adverse consequences of high intakes of digestible carbohydrate for young children. Data suggest that sweet taste is preferred in infancy and later food choices. These include small numbers of intake studies, differing approaches to analysing carbohydrate, a variety of terms used to describe sugars intakes and a dearth of information about starch intakes. A number of factors limit the ability to obtain an overall picture of carbohydrate intakes and food sources in this age group. Articles and reports including information about sugars and/or starch intakes were selected. A search of available information on dietary intakes of children below the age of 4 years was conducted from 1985 up to 2010. Key experts in these fields provided up-to-date reviews of the literature. The aim of this narrative review is to outline the intakes of digestible carbohydrates and their role in health and disease, including the development of food preferences, as well the consequences of excess carbohydrate. Digestible carbohydrates are one of the main sources of dietary energy in infancy and childhood and are essential for growth and development.
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